The guide of APA 7th edition referencing style

General Guidelines
• Font: Times New Roman 12pt, Arial 11pt, or Calibri 11pt.
• Line spacing: Double-spaced throughout (including reference list).
• Margins: 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides.
• Indentation: Hanging indent (0.5 inches) for each reference entry.
• Author names: Surname followed by initials (e.g., Smith, J. A.).

 

Reference List Format
• Start on a new page titled References (centered, bold).
• Alphabetise entries by the surname of the first author.
• Use italics for book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers.

Books
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle if any (Edition if applicable). Publisher.
Example:
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2016). Marketing management (15th ed.). Pearson Education.

Journal Articles
Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Example:
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024

Webpages
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website name. URL
Example:
American Psychological Association. (2020, October 14). APA Style introduction. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/

Chapters in Edited Books
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx–xx). Publisher.
Example:
Goleman, D. (2004). What makes a leader? In J. H. Waller (Ed.), Leadership and performance (pp. 76–89). Harvard Business Press.

Conference Papers
Format (Published):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Proceedings Title (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Example:
Kim, J. (2022). Smart cities and AI. In T. Lin (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Urban Tech (pp. 44–51). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/123456789

Theses and Dissertations
Format (Online):
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis, University]. Database/Repository Name.
Example:
Ahmed, S. A. (2021). Digital transformation in healthcare: A case study of Iraq (Publication No. 1234567) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Mosul]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

 

In-Text Citations
1- Narrative citation: Author (Year)
Example: Smith (2020) argues that…

2- Parenthetical citation: (Author, Year)
Example: (Smith, 2020)

3- Multiple authors:
• Two authors: (Taylor & Brown, 2021)
• Three or more: (Ahmed et al., 2020)